Lecture 5

 

• OSI reference model
  
  • Acronym: open systems interconnection
    
  • Model was the first attempt at standardizing a network
    
  • Made by IOS
    
    • Acronym: International Organization of Standardization
      
  • Partitions networking into seven layers
    
  • Layers are used to
    
    • Reduce the complexity of design
      
    • Analogous to the concept of functions: layer (n-1) provides a service layer to n keeping its internal details hidden from layer n
      
    • Applications can be developed at the top most layer without worrying about the intrinsic details in the lower layer
      
  • OSI MODEL
    
    • Application Layer
      
      • Provides frequently requested services
        
      • Request for a service is made by following a protocol
        
      • Uses the service offered by the presentation layer by passing an application protocol data unit (APDU) to the presentation layer
        
        • Example: to access a www document, http protocol s used by the web browser
          
      • other application layer protocols include FTP , SMTP, TELNET
        
    • Presentation
      
      • Concerned with syntax and semantics of the information transmitted
        
      • Makes common data structures compatible on different machines
        
      • It is the function of the presentation layer to ensure that the transmitted bits are properly mapped to the correct alphabet
        
      • Allows higher level data structures to be defined
        
      • Communicates with the session layer using a presentation protocol data unit PPDU
        
      • Especially useful for banks and hospitals
        
    • Session
      
      • Allows users to establish sessions between them
        
      • Sessions are defined based on the requirements for users and may vary from half duplex to full duplex and inclusion or omission of synchronization point
        
      • Services include
        
        • Dialog control
          
          • Tracking whose turn is to transmit
            
        • Token management
          
          • Preventing parties from attempting the same operation at the same time
            
        • Synchronization
          
          • Check pointing long transmission by including synchronization points
            
        • Communicates with the transport layer with a session protocol data unit SPDU comprised of PPDU and Session header
          
    • Transport
      
      • Responsible for end to end ransfer of data from a session entity in source to its peer session entity at destination
        
      • Accepts SPDU from session layer, labels and source and destination addresses segments the data if needed and passes segments to the network layer
        
      • Kinds of services include:
        
        • Reliable connection – oriented: error free transmission of data in sequence to its destination
          
        • Unreliable connectionless: no guarantee of being error-free or as a matter of fact, even delivering
          
        • Communicates with the network layer using TPDU
          
    • Network
      
      • Provides for transfer o data in packets
        
      • Deals with routing and congestion
        
        • Routing implies not the actual route but the procedure used for selecting the route
          
    • Data link layer
      
      • Provides for transfer of frames across transmission line
        
      • Packets are further compose as frames with framing information on the boundaries
        
      • Does checksum on each frame allowing error detection
        
      • Also includes medium access control sublayer than allows for LAN connectivity
        
    • Physical
      
      • Performs actual transmission of bits over some communication channels
        
      • Wire / cable/ optical fibre / air
        
      • Design issues are largely electrical, mechanical, timing interfaces, and physical medium
        
  • Critique of OSI
    
    • Bad timing
      
      • Came too late. The competing TCP/IP was already widely in use by the time OSI was standardize
        
    • Bad technology
      
      • Choice of seven layers was more political then technical. The two layers (session and presentation) are nearly empty while two layers (data link and network) are overfull and complex
        
    • Bad implementation
      
      • Initial implementations were huge and slow. Though the products improved later but the initial impression lingered on
        
    • Bad politics
      
      • OSI was widely perceived as a European product while many people thought of TCP/IP as an extension of Unix
        
    • Bad government policy
      

Government support of OSI was thought of as an attempt to 'shove a technically inferior product down the throat of poor researchers;

Lecture 4

Lecture 4

 

Functions required in communication networks

 

• user services
  
  • Including smtp, ftp, telnet, http, video conferencing
    
• Switching
  
  • Transfer information between communication lines
    
• Transmission
  
  • Ability to transmit information across a medium
    
• Addressing
  
  • Identify communication lines and stations
    
• Multiplexing    
  
  • Means for coupling information from different sources together
    
• Routing
  
  • Identify the shortest path between the source and destination
    
• Congestion control
  
  • Identify congestion of data and / or ways to prevent it
    
• Flow control
  
  • Prevent overwhelming of a slower computer
    
• Quality of service (QOS)
  
  • Allocate different class of service to different users
    
• Compatibility
  
  • Connect heterogeneous networks
    
• Error detection
  
  • Identify errors and / or correct them
    
• Security
  
  • Prevent eavesdropping
    
• Management
  
  • Monitor and recover from faults, manage bills etc.
    

Types of Networks

 

• Networks are typically classified in three types: LAN, MAN and WAN
  

1. Local Area Networks
   
   1. Small networks confined to a few kilometre ( <= 1km )
      
   2. Speeds confined to 100mps. Newer LANs run up to 10Gbps
      
   3. Uses the principal of broadcasting (one transmits, others listen)
      
   4. Various Topologies including Token Bus and Token Ring are possible
      
2. Metropolitan Area Networks
   
   1. Covers up to a city (<=10km), Example: Cable TV network, IEEE 802.16
      
   2. Cable network were initially designed for TV and later extended to Internet
      
3. Wide Area Networks
   
   1. Spans a continent (<=10000 km), Example: internet
      
   2. Interconnects various LAN using switches (routers) and transmission lines
      
   3. Uses packet switching in conjunction with the store and forward technology
      

 

Chapter 2

 

Protocol

 

• A set of rules and conventions used by two communicating parties
  
• How a communication will be initiated and terminated
  
• How data and control information are arranged in a datagram
  
• What control information is included, etc.
  
• Examples
  
  • http
    
  • ftp
    
  • smtp
    
  • tcp
    

Client / Server configuration

 

• a server is a computer which may store information / control a network, may store information this is required by all nodes on the network
  
  • usually a server is more powerful than other hosts on the network
    
• a client is another machine connected to the server that retrieve information stored on the server
  
• client / server protocol
  
  • client makes a request over the network to the server
    
  • the client waits for a response from the server and be ready to receive an answer
    
  • the servers gets the request, performs the tasks required of it based on the request and returns a reply
    
• basic definitions
  
  • Port is a process on the server that is waiting for requests that come in, and listen on particular ports for particular requests. Ports used quite often are usually known by number
    
  • Daemon runs on a machine and listens for requests
    
  • Networks consist of two components
    
    • Hardware that forms the infrastructure connecting the computers, example twisted pair wire, optical fibre
      
    • Software that forms a cohesive connection such that the user sees the entire network as a single coherent system. The design of software is highly structured and is the focus of our discussion this presentation
      
      • Meant to integrate the whole system seamlessly, making the network invisible to the user
        
      • Structure is the relationship between various entities
        
      • 
        
  • Browsing a website
    
    • User clicks a URL
      
    • Client process determines the IP address corresponding to the host name using the domain name server (DNS) query
      
      • Using the IP address, client process sets up a 2-way TCP connection with port 80 with the WWW server
        
      • TCP connection is reliable and connection oriented
        
    • Client HTTP daemon sends a request (GET) for the document specified in the url. HTTP version used by the browser is HTTP/1.1
      
    • Server http daemon receives the GET command by listening at CP port 80 and interprets the message
      

Address Resolution

 

• The http example requires a DNS query to resolve the address of server. In other words, an ip address is to be retrieved from the domain name
  
• The address resolution is performed b a domain name system(DNS) which is a distributed database used to convert names into addresses
  
• A process in the host called 'resolver' composes the question for the DNS
  
• The resolver contacts the local DNS server first. Only if it fails to resolve an address, a higher level DNS server is accessed
  
• The communication between resolver and DNS server is carried out using the UDP protocol of the transport layer. UDP protocol is unreliable and provides connectionless service.
  

E-mail

 

• The mail client contacts a local SMTP server for delivery of an email
  
• The user prepares a message with recipients email address, subject and body
  
• The mail client contacts the local smtp server (may require dns resolution if ip address isn't known) using the TCP protocol of the transport layer and transmits the file to the local SMTP server
  
• The local smtp server repeats the above process with the destination smtp server, which in turn repeats the process with the destination SMTP
  

Lecture 3

Lecture 3

 

• MAC
  
  • Acronym: Medium Access Control
    
• To prevent collisions the host computer would poll each terminal based on its MAC address and at that point they would communicate
  
• Frame
  
  • Kept information on where it is going
    
  • And where its source is
    
• Modification 2
  
  • Use multiplexing to
    
    • Transmit multiple messages simultaneously and
      
    • To detect communication errors
      
  • Multiplexers provide a second approach for sharing the communication line
    
  • CRC was used to detect errors
    
  • At this point every frame had a header, CRC and data
    
  • CRC
    
    • Acronym: Cyclic Redundancy Check
      

Second Generation of Networks

 

• the second generation of networks were Computer to computer networks
  
  • as cost of computers dropped, dumb terminals were replaced by PC's
    
  • interconnecting computers were required to support
    
    • file transferring
      
    • remote telnet to allow remote application
      
    • parallel processing to execute a single program over multiple computers
      
• ARPANET was the first WAN connecting universities
  
  • Operated using packet switching
    
  • Each message is converted into several smaller packets
    
  • At the destination computer the packets are combined into the original message from the host
    
  • Acronym:
    Advanced Research Projects Agency Net
    
  • Missing packets / corrupt packets became a concern
    
• Internet is the interconnection of many networks
  
  • Resulted in compatibility issues with speeds of networks and bandwidth
    
  • Standards needed to be created to connect the networks seamlessly
    

 

Comparison of Switching Techniques

 

• Circuit switching (designed for phone networks)
  
  • End to end path is established between transmitter and receiver
    
  • Complete blocks transmitted and once complete, circuit is terminated
    
  • Transmitter and Receiver were inaccessible for the duration of the connection
    
  • Definition Trunk: a major line connection in a telephone network
    
• Message switching (designed for telegraphic networks)
  
  • No physical path is established between Transmitter and Receiver
    
  • Connection is established between the Transmitter and first switching office (router)
    
  • Entire block of data is transmitted to the switching office
    
  • Block is forwarded one hop at a time
    
  • No limit on block size, switching stations inaccessible for duration of transfer
    
• Packet switching (used in internet)
  
  • A tight limit is placed on maximum block size
    
  • Data is broken in different sub-blocks and each sub-block is transmitted one hop at a time, on after the other
    
  • Message switching and packet switching are very alike
    
  • Packet switching is quicker because the original data is broken into packets and the length of time the message takes to send everything at once is broken into fragments
    

Lecture 2

 

Lecture 2

 

• Distributed processing
  
  • Google uses it
    
    • To benefit search speeds for any particular query
      
• Communication networking
  
  • Area is fragmented and hard to understand
    
  • Hardware progressed faster than logic for using it
    
  • Because the communication process is so complex, network architecture partitions the overall communication process into separate functional areas called layers. TCP/IP consists of five layers, while OSI has seven layers
    

Services vs. Applications

• Definition of service: the basic information transfer capability of a communication network
  
  • Internet transfer of individual block of information
    
  • Internet reliable transfer of a stream of bytes
    
  • Real-time transfer of a voice signal
    
• Definition of application: use communication services to build a complete feature, hiding most of the technical details from the users
  
  • Email and web built on reliable stream service
    
  • Fax and modems built on basic telephone service
    
• Newer applications use multiple (heterogeneous) networks
  
  • SMS builds on internet reliable stream service and cellular telephone text messaging
    

Evolution of Network Architecture

 

• Communication networks can basically be classified in the following categories
  
  • Telegraph networks
    
    • A message transferring or switching system
      
    • We forward a message to some intermediate point
      
    • The message must be received
      
    • Then the forwarding point with now forward message onto another intermediate point or to the destination
      
    • Switching involved deciding the path of intermediaries to the destination
      
  • Telephone networks
    
    • Originally used 'circuit switching'
      
    • Definition: A means of connecting two communicating parties that relies on the creation of a physical link between the two. Circuit switching is characteristic of telephone connections. Unlike other methods of transmission, such as packet switching, it requires the link to be established before any communication can take place.
      
    • In a switching circuit technology the circuits were physical switches that defined a path between two points to create a communication signal
      
  • Internet
    
    • Packet switching: breaks the data into small packets and transmits them over a communication network from source to destination
      
    • Sometimes mimic circuit switching
      
    • Often times send packets down different routes so that if prevents network congestion
      
    • Packets contain    
      
      • Header information
        
        • The address
          
  • Next generation internet
    
    • Planned to provide 'prioritized communication' instead of 'best effort' service
      
    • Will be based on multiservice packet switching network technology
      

Circuit Switching

 

• Pair wise interconnections
  
  • Every node is connected to every other node
    
  • N(n-1) / 2 connections
    
  • Not used for large networks because connection points are overwhelming and unrealistic
    
• Access network
  
  • All nodes are connected to an intermediary such as a switch
    
  • N connections
    

Computer Networks and Packet Switching

 

• The initial computer networks were terminal-oriented networks with single central computer shared by multiple users
  
  • Each user had access to a dummy terminal connected with a dedicated line to the central computer
    
  • A user would type instructions using the dummy terminal
    
  • The instructions would be passed on to the central computer, where they were executed, and results, returned to the dummy terminal, were displayed on the terminal
    
  • To allow fair access to the central computer, time-sharing techniques were employed
    
• Modification 1
  
  • Use a multidrop line to connect terminals with the central computer
    
  • Time sharing was provided by polling frames that polled each terminal in a sequential order
    
  • Address in the header of the polling frame was used to identify the terminal
    
  • If a terminal wanted to communicate to the central computer, it would do so when polled
    
  • The central computer would execute the instruction and pass the result back to the terminal
    

Lecture 1

• Email: mandel@cse.yorku.ca
  
  • Email protocol
    
    • From your York computer science student account
      
    • Subject line 3213...
      
    • Identify yourself in the email by name and student number
      
  • Office hours
    
    • CSE3012
      
      • Tuesday and Thursday 11:30 – 1pm
        
  • Phone
    
    • 416 736 2100 x40630
      
  • Course webpage
    
    • http://www.cse.yorku.ca/course/3213
      
  • Grade Weighting
    
    • Subject to change
      
    • 15% - Assignments & Quizzes
      
    • 25% - MIDTERM
      
    • 60% - FINAL EXAM
      

 

Lecture 1

• What is a communication network?
  
  • The equipment (software and hardware) and facilities that provide the basic communication service
    
  • Virtually invisible to the user, usually represented by a cloud
    
    • Equipment
      
      • Routers, servers, switches
        
    • Facilities
      
      • Copper wire, coaxial cables, optical fibre
        
      • Telephone poles, ducts, conduits
        
• Network architecture
  
  • The plan that specifies how the network is built and operated
    
  • Architecture is driven by the network services
    
  • Communication process is complex
    
  • Network architecture partitions overall communication process into separate layers
    
    • Layers are to be built from the ground up on well designed low level layers reaching up to the top which is the application level
      
• Telegraph networks
  
  • Courier
    
    • Pony express, FedEX
      
  • Telegraph
    
    • Message is transmitted across a network using signals
      
      • From drums, beacons, mirrors
        
      • To electricity, light
        
      • Telegraph is quicker than courier
        
• Message Switching
  
  • Network nodes were created where several optical telegraph lines met
    
  • Store-and-forward operation
    
    • Messages arriving on each line were decoded
      
    • Next-hop in route determined by destination address of a message
      
• Electric Telegraph Networks
  
  • Message switching and store-and-Forward operation
    
  • Key elements
    
    • Addressing, routing, forwarding
      
  • Optical telegraph networks became obsolete
    
•